Transport of cadmium from soil to grain in cereal crops: A review

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, many soils for crop production are contaminated by cadmium(Cd), a heavy metal highly toxic to many organisms. Cereal crops such as rice, wheat, maize, and barley are the primary dietary source of Cd for humans, and reducing Cd transfer from soil to their grains is therefore an important issue for food safety. During the last decade, great progress has been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of Cd transport, particularly in rice. Inter-and intraspecific variations in Cd accumulation have been observed in cereal crops. Transporters for Cd have been identified in rice and other cereal crops using genotypic differences in Cd accumulation and mutant approaches. These transporters belong to different transporter families and are involved in the uptake, vacuolar sequestration, root-to-shoot translocation, and distribution of Cd. Attempts have been made to reduce Cd accumulation in grains by manipulating these transporters through overexpression or knockout of the transporter genes, as well as through marker-assisted selection breeding based on genotypic differences in Cd accumulation in the grains. In this review, we describe recent progress on molecular mechanisms of Cd accumulation in cereal crops and compare different molecular strategies for minimizing Cd accumulation in grains.     

云南砚山浴仙湖省级重要湿地资源现状及保护修复措施

云南浴仙湖省级重要湿地是云南第四批认定的省级重要湿地,湿地资源具有较高保护价值.由于连年干旱,周边村庄环绕,导致该湿地生态系统出现退化.采取有力措施,保护修复浴仙湖湿地生态功能,迫在眉睫.通过对浴仙湖湿地资源现状进行调查,分析其存在的威胁,进而提出浴仙湖湿地资源保护及修复措施.     

进口小麦中超标麦角的色选机剔除处理技术初探

通过色选机对进境小麦麦角超标进行加工处理,以剔除混在进境小麦中的麦角。结果显示:色选机可以剔除大部分麦角,使其含量降至国家标准以内。我们推荐参数(使用布勒-SORTEX B色选机时)为:小麦流量不超过设计产能80%,色选机初选异色剔除粒、疵点剔除粒分别设定为55%、50%,色选机复选异色剔除粒、疵点剔除粒分别设定为50%、45%。     

2015―2020年国家西北内陆棉区棉花品种区域试验参试品种（系）枯黄萎病抗性评述

对2015－2020年参加西北内陆棉区区域试验的192个棉花品种（系）枯萎病、黄萎病的抗性分析，为棉花抗病育种及品种推广提供依据。结果表明，参试棉花品种（系）未出现对枯萎病和黄萎病免疫的品种；参试棉花品种（系）对枯萎病的抗性水平较高，除2018年高抗和抗病品种（系）占比为 88.2%外，其他年份均在92%以上；参试的品种（系）的黄萎病抗性水平除2017年较高外，其余各年均较低，以耐病为主，6年耐病品种（系）平均占比为56.2%；参试品种的总体抗枯萎病指数（r_F）远大于总体抗黄萎病指数（r_V）和总体兼抗指数（r_FV）,各年份均表现为r_F＞r_V＞r_FV，且三者均呈振荡上升趋势；早中熟常规棉的抗枯萎病、黄萎病性及兼抗性表现均优于早熟常规棉_。可见，黄萎病抗性的提高是西北内陆棉区选育兼抗棉花品种的关键。     

辣木叶多糖对过氧化氢诱导奶牛乳腺上皮细胞氧化损伤的保护作用

奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(BMECs)在奶牛泌乳期代谢旺盛,导致活性氧(ROS)大量产生,从而诱发氧化应激。辣木叶多糖(MLP)能有效清除ROS和自由基,但其是否具有缓解BMECs氧化损伤的潜力尚不清楚。因此,本文以MLP为添加剂,探究其对过氧化氢(H2O2)诱导BMECs氧化损伤的保护作用。本试验首先将分离的BMECs置于含有不同浓度H2O2的培养基中培养2 h建立氧化损伤模型,以确定H2O2的适宜浓度;随后在培养基中加入不同浓度MLP溶液培养BMECs 2 h,以确定MLP适宜浓度;最终选用浓度为500μmol/L的H2O2和4 mg/mL的MLP用于本试验。试验设置4个组,分别为对照组1(BMECs)、对照组2(BMECs+MLP)、损伤组(BMECs+H2O2)、保护组(BMECs+MLP+H2O2),每组3个重复。试验对BMECs中ROS数量、BMECs凋亡以及BMECs中过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量进行检测。结果表明:1)ROS检测结果显示,MLP抑制了细胞内ROS的生成。2)Hochest33258染色结果与透射电镜观察结果显示,MLP降低了BMECs的凋亡率,同时保持了细胞膜和细胞结构完整性。3)试剂盒检测结果显示,MLP提高了BMECs中CAT、GSH-Px和SOD活性,同时降低了MDA含量。综上所述,MLP可有效减缓BMECs凋亡,提高其抗氧化能力。     

热敏感流体空化数值模拟及流动特性分析

为描述和捕捉热敏感流体空化的流动特性,文中对Zwart-Gerber-Belamri(ZGB)空化模型进行了热力学修正.通过将ZGB模型与修正的ZGB空化模型对液氮绕二维水翼空化流动的模拟结果与Hord的试验数据进行对比. 结果表明:修正的ZGB空化模型对于热敏空化流动的模拟结果与试验数据更加吻合,特别是能够较好的预测水翼表面温度和压力的分布. 采用修正的ZGB空化模型对氟化酮绕NACA 0015三维水翼的空化流动进行研究,并将空腔脱落的演化过程与Kelly的试验数据进行对比,模拟结果可以合理预测到试验过程中三维水翼附近空腔的脱落及其演化过程,进一步证明了修正的ZGB空化模型对于不同热敏流体的适用性.最后,对热敏流体空化周期性脱落的动态特征进行了识别和分析.结果表明:Ω的等值面与脱落的空腔形状相似,这表明脱落的空腔区域中呈现大规模的旋涡运动.空腔的生长脱落使水翼壁面产生明显的温降,B因子能够有效的预测腔内温降.     

家蚕丝素蛋白抗氧化肽的制备及其稳定性研究

利用碱性蛋白酶水解家蚕丝素蛋白制备抗氧化肽,考察水解pH、水解时间、加酶量、底物浓度、水解温度5个因素对水解产物DPPH自由基清除率的影响,在此基础上采用响应面试验优化水解工艺条件,并调查家蚕丝素蛋白抗氧化肽对热、酸、碱和体外肠道消化的稳定性,测定不同分子质量范围的家蚕丝素蛋白水解产物组分的抗氧化活性.结果 表明,碱性蛋白酶水解制备家蚕丝素蛋白抗氧化肽的最优工艺条件为水解pH 8.69、水解时间60 min、加酶量3035 U/g、底物(丝素蛋白)质量浓度26.80 g/L、水解温度53.89℃,在此条件下制备获得的家蚕丝素蛋白抗氧化肽对DPPH自由基的清除率为55.16％.家蚕丝素蛋白抗氧化肽具有良好的热稳定性;在中性环境中抗氧化活性很稳定,但在强酸和强碱环境中抗氧化活性明显降低;经体外模拟胃肠道消化后,对DPPH自由基的清除率比未消化处理对照组提高了9.43百分点.分子质量小于5 kD组分是家蚕丝素蛋白抗氧化肽的主要活性组分.研究结果为家蚕丝素蛋白功能产品的开发提供了试验依据.     

Improvement,identification, and target prediction for miRNAs in the porcine genome by using massive,public high-throughput sequencing data

Despite the broad variety of available microRNA (miRNA) research tools and methods, their application to the identification, annotation, and target prediction of miRNAs in nonmodel organisms is still limited. In this study, we collected nearly all public sRNA-seq data to improve the annotation for known miRNAs and identify novel miRNAs that have not been annotated in pigs (Sus scrofa). We newly annotated 210 mature sequences in known miRNAs and found that 43 of the known miRNA precursors were problematic due to redundant/missing annotations or incorrect sequences. We also predicted 811 novel miRNAs with high confidence, which was twice the current number of known miRNAs for pigs in miRBase. In addition, we proposed a correlation-based strategy to predict target genes for miRNAs by using a large amount of sRNA-seq and RNA-seq data. We found that the correlation-based strategy provided additional evidence of expression compared with traditional target prediction methods. The correlation-based strategy also identified the regulatory pairs that were controlled by nonbinding sites with a particular pattern, which provided abundant complementarity for studying the mechanism of miRNAs that regulate gene expression. In summary, our study improved the annotation of known miRNAs, identified a large number of novel miRNAs, and predicted target genes for all pig miRNAs by using massive public data. This large data-based strategy is also applicable for other nonmodel organisms with incomplete annotation information.     

木醋液对桃蚜生长繁殖的急慢性效应

为了明确木醋液对桃蚜短、长期影响,以桃蚜为试虫,用100倍稀释木醋液处理小白菜饲养蚜虫,测得桃蚜繁殖发育数据。结果显示,木醋液处理显著缩短桃蚜繁殖期,而F₁代繁殖期比F₀代繁殖期延长37%;F₀代和F₁代产蚜总量与对照组相比分别降低62%和66%;处理组F₁代和F₂代的存活率比对照组降低23%和24%,但F₁代和F₂代之间差异不显著;F₁代寿命缩短25%,F₂代差异不显著。本研究证明木醋液能够缩短桃蚜的繁殖期,延长其若蚜历期,整体缩短桃蚜寿命,降低子代存活率。总之,木醋液对桃蚜的生长发育和繁殖具有一定的抑制作用,但是这种抑制作用会随着施用频次增加而逐渐减弱,即木醋液的短期效应和长期效应存在差异,所以木醋液具有开发为生物农药的价值。     

Stable isotopes and gut contents indicate differential resource use by coexisting asp (Leuciscus aspius) and pikeperch (Sander lucioperca)

Differential use of habitat and prey resources is an important mechanism that may allow coexistence of sympatric species. Unlike interactions between smaller cyprinid and percid fishes, the resource use by coexisting predatory asp (Leuciscus aspius) and pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) is relatively unknown. Here, gut content and stable isotope analyses were used to study ontogenetic dietary shifts and interspecific trophic niche overlap between asp and pikeperch coexisting in two reservoirs. The hypothesis that both species show an ontogenetic dietary shift from small invertebrates to large fish prey, but at the same time use different prey resources to reduce potential competitive interactions, was validated. The isotopic niches of the two predators showed no, or only a moderate, degree of overlap (0%–65%). The ontogenetic changes in the degree of interspecific isotopic niche overlap were different in the two reservoirs, suggesting that trophic segregation can be dynamic and variable among systems. Gut contents revealed that small (<100 mm standard length) asp consumed mostly terrestrial invertebrates and emerged aquatic insects, whereas small pikeperch foraged on zooplankton, larval and pupal stages of aquatic insects and fish. Larger individuals (>100 mm) of both species were predominantly piscivorous, with asp consuming more cyprinid prey and pikeperch more percid prey. Coexisting asp and pikeperch populations are able to utilise different prey resources, thereby reducing potential negative competitive interactions.